Search results for "PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Impression Formation"
showing 10 items of 112 documents
Introducing migratory flows in life table construction
2012
The purpose of life tables is to describe the mortality behav iour of particular groups. The construction of general life tables is based on death statis tics and census figures of resident populations under the hypothesis of closed demographic sys tem. Among other assumptions, this hypothesis implicitly assumes that entries (immigrants) a nd exits (emigrants) of the population are usually not significant (being almost of the same magnitu de for each age compensating each other). This paper theoretically extends the classical sol ution to open demographic systems and studies the impact of this hypothesis in constructing a life table. In particular, using the data of residential variations m…
Welfare State Development, Individual Deprivations and Income Inequality: A cross-country analysis in Latin America and the Caribbean
2019
Several scholars have confirmed the role that the welfare state (WS) plays in reducing poverty, promoting equality and ensuring the common wellbeing. One of the limitations of the scholarship has been the conceptualization and operationalization of the WS and poverty as one-dimensional variables. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between welfare state development –as a one-dimensional and multidimensional variable-, single-dimensions deprivations and income inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean, before and after controlling for demographic and cyclical factors. The WS is operationalized taking into account its multidimensional nature. Three individual deprivat…
Appetizer or main dish? Explaining the use of Facebook news posts as a substitute for other news sources
2019
An increasing number of, especially younger, users use Facebook as their primary source for news about political and societal issues. At the same time, research suggests that Facebook use contributes to societal knowledge gaps. Against this background, we investigate the antecedents of using Facebook as a substitute for other news sources. We argue that exposure to news posts on Facebook increases the feeling of being well-informed, regardless of actual knowledge acquisition. This might lead users, especially those with a low need for cognition (NfC), to use Facebook as a substitute for other news sources. We test these assumptions with an online survey (n=390) of German Internet users. Res…
Lens and Dual Lens Models
2019
This chapter presents variants of Brunswik’s lens model aimed to understand whether, when, and why trait judgments are more or less accurate. After outlining the basic concepts of lens models, it describes exemplary studies that have applied the lens model to unravel personality expression and impression formation processes that lead to more or less accurate judgments. Next, it gives an overview of factors that can influence the accuracy of trait judgments and explains these accuracy moderators within the lens model framework. It then describes an extension of the lens model, the dual lens model, that differentiates more controlled versus more automatic aspects on all levels of the lens mod…
Auditory and Cognitive Deficits Associated with Acquired Amusia after Stroke: A Magnetoencephalography and Neuropsychological Follow-Up Study
2010
Acquired amusia is a common disorder after damage to the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory. However, its neurocognitive mechanisms, especially the relative contribution of perceptual and cognitive factors, are still unclear. We studied cognitive and auditory processing in the amusic brain by performing neuropsychological testing as well as magnetoencephalography (MEG) measurements of frequency and duration discrimination using magnetic mismatch negativity (MMNm) recordings. Fifty-three patients with a left (n = 24) or right (n = 29) hemisphere MCA stroke (MRI verified) were investigated 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months after the stroke. Amusia was evaluated using the Montreal Battery of …
Phonological precision for word recognition in skilled readers
2019
According to the lexical quality hypothesis (Perfetti, 2007), differences in the orthographic, semantic, and phonological representations of words will affect individual reading performance. Whilst several studies have focused on orthographic precision and semantic coherence, few have considered phonological precision. The present study used a suite of individual difference measures to assess which components of lexical quality contributed to competition resolution in a masked priming experiment. The experiment measured form priming for word and pseudoword targets with dense and sparse neighbourhoods in 84 university students. Individual difference measures of language and cognitive skills …
On Simon Nelson Patten’s Progressivism: A note
2020
This article is an attempt to offer an assessment of the main coordinates of Simon Nelson Patten’s views on democracy and biological determinism. This will allow us to better delineate the differences—as well as the affinities—between Patten and the core of progressives discussed by Thomas C. Leonard in a series of path-breaking contributions, culminating in his Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era. It is our contention that even within the persisting intricacies, ambiguities, and contradictions of Patten’s expository style, it is possible to trace a shift in some aspects of his ideas—a gradual evolution that makes his peculiar brand of progress…
Conceptual Framework of Teaching Quality: A Multidimensional Adapted Process Model of Teaching
2020
A universal challenge in the field of teacher education is generating a shared vision of the key knowledge and skills needed for the teaching profession. Prior research has pinpointed a range of critical qualities necessary for teaching and other facets of a teacher’s work. However, a research-based conceptual model relevant to understanding the key competencies of the teaching profession has not yet been presented. To address this need, this paper presents a multidimensional process model of key knowledge and skills for teaching. It is adapted from the competence model of Blömeke et al. (2015), and it specifies the core professional practices, situation-specific skills, and cognitive and n…
Contributions of Nonverbal Cues to the Accurate Judgment of Personality Traits
2019
In this chapter, we summarize research on nonverbal expressions of behavior (nonverbal cues) and how they contribute to the accuracy of personality judgments. First, we present a conceptual overview of relevant nonverbal cues in the domains of facial expressions, body language, paralanguage, and appearance as well as approaches to assess these cues on different levels of aggregation. We then summarize research on the validity of nonverbal cues (what kind of nonverbal cues are good indicators of personality?) as well as the utilization of nonverbal cues (what kind of nonverbal cues lead to personality impressions?), resulting in a catalogue of those cues that drive judgment accuracy for diff…
P-Value, Confidence Intervals, and Statistical Inference: A New Dataset of Misinterpretation
2017
Statistical inference is essential for science since the twentieth century (Salsburg, 2001). Since it's introduction into science, the null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), in which the P-value serves as the index of “statistically significant,” is the most widely used statistical method in psychology (Sterling et al., 1995; Cumming et al., 2007), as well as other fields (Wasserstein and Lazar, 2016). However, surveys consistently showed that researchers in psychology may not able to interpret P-value and related statistical procedures correctly (Oakes, 1986; Haller and Krauss, 2002; Hoekstra et al., 2014; Badenes-Ribera et al., 2016). Even worse, these misinterpretations of P-value …